Sporadic Cossack uprisings were now aimed at the Russian authorities, but eventually petered out by the late 18th century, following the destruction of entire Cossack hosts. Authorities recall Ukrainian soldiers from . The major promoter of the Christianization of Kievan Rus' was the Grand-Duke Vladimir the Great whose grandmother, Princess Olga, was a Christian. Historically, the archipelago was used as . Dmytro Razumkov, the party's chairman, was elected speaker of parliament. Ukraine occupies the southwestern portion of the Russian Plain (East European Plain). The majority was able to form a government on August 29 on its own, without forming coalitions, and approved Oleksii Honcharuk as prime minister. National "pasts" were rewritten as social and national liberation for non-Russians, and social liberation for Russians, in a process that ended in 1917. Ukraine is an Eastern European country. The fight against corruption was launched, but was limited to sentences of petty officials and electronic declarations, and the newly established NABU and NAPC were marked by scandals in their work. Soon after, pro-Russian unrest enveloped the largely Russophone eastern and southern regions of Ukraine, from where Yanukovych had drawn most of his support. Cape Verde (or Cabo Verde as the nation now prefers to be called) is located on an archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, just off the West coast of Guinea-Bissau. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Ukraine viewpoint: Novelist Andrey Kurkov, Ukraine ex-PM Tymoshenko charged with misusing funds, The Party of Regions monopolises power in Ukraine, Ukraine launches battle against corruption, Ukraine:Journalists Face Uncertain Future, "Our Ukraine comes to defense of Tymoshenko, Lutsenko, Didenko, Makarenko in statement", "U.S. Government Statement of Concern about Arrest of Former Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko", https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14459446, "Ukraine 'still wants to sign EU deal' | News | al Jazeera", Ukraine crisis: Police storm main Kyiv 'Maidan' protest camp, "Ukraine crisis: Renewed Kyiv assault on protesters", "Ukraine crisis: Yanukovych announces 'peace deal', "Profile: Ukraine's ousted President Viktor Yanukovych", "European Commission - EU-Ukraine Association Agreement fully enters into force", " - ", " ", "The law amending the Constitution on the course of accession to the EU and NATO has entered into force | European integration portal", " '- ", " ' ", "Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine Inaugurate 'Lublin Triangle', ", ", "Brussels Summit Communiqu issued by the Heads of State and Government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Brussels 14 June 2021", " 2024 ", "Crimea referendum: Voters 'back Russia union', Putin Tells Separatists In Ukraine To Postpone May 11 Referendum, "Ukraine rebels hold referendums in Donetsk and Luhansk", "Russian Roulette (Dispatch Thirty-Eight)", Ukraine underplays role of far right in conflict, Fergal Keane reports from Mariupol on Ukraine's 'frozen conflict', Half a million displaced in eastern Ukraine as winter looms, warns UN refugee agency, Ukraine conflict: Refugee numbers soar as war rages, UN Says At Least 6,400 Killed In Ukraine's Conflict Since April 2014, "Petro Poroshenko becomes President of Ukraine", "Ukraine Is in Danger of Becoming a Failed State", "Ukraine's constitution: reform or crisis? Andriy Zahorodnyuk, Defense Minister of Ukraine (2019-2020) said that the Membership Action Plan and NATO membership itself are both obtained through a political decision that is formally not linked to implementation of the standards. 7 min read. The Khazars dominated enough of the PonticCaspian steppe such that there was a Pax Khazarica in terms of trade, which allowed long distance trade to occur in safety, including groups like the Radhanite Jews who traded as far as China to Tabriz, as well as the trade networks that surrounded Volga Bulgaria. The investigation of crimes against Maidan residents was delayed. The northeastern and southeastern portions of Ukraine are occupied by low uplands rarely reaching an elevation of 1,000 feet (300 metres). On May 19, 2018, Poroshenko signed a Decree which put into effect the decision of the National Security and Defense Council on the final termination of Ukraine's participation in the statutory bodies of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Larger saline lakes occur along the coast. When President Leonid Kravchuk was elected by the Ukrainian parliament in 1990, he vowed to seek Ukrainian sovereignty. By 1991, historians in Canada had freely explored a wide range of approaches regarding the emergence of a national identity. Amid the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Ukraine votes for independence in a referendum, with 92 percent of Ukrainians supporting independence . ", " ", "Tension escalates after Russia seizes Ukraine naval ships", "Russia fires on and seizes Ukrainian ships near annexed Crimea", "Buildup of Russian forces along Ukraine's border that has some talking of war", "Russia invaded Ukraine more than 200 days ago. Some Ukrainians initially regarded the Wehrmacht soldiers as liberators from Soviet rule, while others formed a partisan movement. Omissions? Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The shores of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov are characterized by narrow, sandy spits of land that jut out into the water; one of these, the Arabat Spit, is about 70 miles (113 km) long but averages less than 5 miles (8 km) in width. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. "When Putin says this is the heritage of these three Slavic peoplesin one sense, he's . A chaotic period of warfare ensued after the Russian Revolutions of 1917, as well as a simultaneous war in the former Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria following the dissolution of the Habsburg monarchy after World War I. But relations between Ukraine and Russia continued to . Ukraine right-wing politics: is the genie out of the bottle? In the north, the name of Moscow appeared in the historical record in the Principality of Suzdal, which gave rise to the nation of Russia. Ukraine declared its independence on Aug. 24, 1991. [23], In the 5th and 6th centuries, the Antes Union (a tribal federation) is generally regarded to have been located in the territory of what is now Ukraine. [35] For a time, they also maintained a semi-independent republic in Zaporozhia, and a colony on the Russian frontier in Sloboda Ukraine. Daniel managed to rebuild his father's state, including Kiev. [53] In the second round of the election, Yanukovych won the run-off ballot with 48% to Tymoshenko's 45%. The War in Donbas began in Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts of Ukraine involving pro-Ukrainian and pro-Russian Ukrainians and Russian mercenaries. [19] Along with other ancient Greek colonies founded in the 6th century BC on the northeastern shore of the Black Sea, the colonies of Tyras, Olbia, and Hermonassa continued as Roman and Byzantine cities until the 6th century AD. [97][98], Throughout 2021, Russian forces built up along the Russia-Ukraine Border, in occupied Crimea and Donbas, and in Belarus. Ukraine is bordered by Belarus to the north, Russia to the east, the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea to the south, Moldova and Romania to the southwest, and Hungary, Slovakia, and Poland to the west. In the 1230s, the Lithuanian lands were united by Mindaugas, the King of Lithuania, and the first unified Lithuanian state, the Kingdom of Lithuania, was created on 6 July 1253. On 1 December, voters approved a referendum formalizing independence from the Soviet Union. A second runoff found Viktor Yushchenko the winner. [92], On February 2, 2021, a presidential decree banned the television broadcasting of the pro-Russian TV channels 112 Ukraine, NewsOne and ZIK. Ukraine under the reign of Alexander I (18011825) saw Russian presence only involving the imperial army and its bureaucracy, but by the reign of Nicholas I (18251855), Russia had by then established a centralized administration in Ukraine. To the south, another lowland extends along the shores of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov; its level surface, broken only by low rises and shallow depressions, slopes gradually toward the Black Sea. Some elements of the Ukrainian nationalist underground formed a Ukrainian Insurgent Army that fought both Soviet forces and the Nazis. [4] Czechoslovakia was an original Member of the United Nations from 24 October 1945. [61][62], Following the violence, the Ukrainian parliament on 22 February voted to remove Yanukovych from power (on the grounds that his whereabouts were unknown and he thus could not fulfil his duties), and to free Yulia Tymoshenko from prison. [111] The lack of independence in Ukraine meant that traditional historiographical emphases on diplomacy and politics were handicapped. While right-bank Ukraine belonged to the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth until late 1793, left-bank Ukraine had been incorporated into Tsardom of Russia in 1667 (under the Treaty of Andrusovo). But the historical reality of Ukraine is complicated . Two major candidates emerged in the 2004 presidential election. Ukraine had experienced a brief period of independence in 191820, but portions of western Ukraine were ruled by Poland, Romania, and Czechoslovakia in the period between the two World Wars, and Ukraine thereafter became part of the Soviet Union as the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (S.S.R.). And when Russian President Vladimir Putin took power a decade . Ukraine is the second-largest European country, after Russia. The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine did not ratify the accession, i.e. North of the Ostrogothic kingdom was the Kyiv culture, flourishing from the 2nd5th centuries, when it was also overrun by the Huns. Putin also writes that Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians share a common heritagethe heritage of a realm known as Kievan Rus (862-1242), which was a loose medieval political federation located in modern-day Belarus, Ukraine, and part of Russia. The Rada, the new Ukrainian parliament formed out of the previous Soviet legislature, votes to declare independence from the Soviet Union. However the steppe regions managed to produce 20% of world production of wheat and 80% of the empire's sugar. The story of the Ukraine-Russia crisis does not begin in 2021, or 2014, It begins in the 9th century.There was a time when the two countries were one.There w. In . F oreign Secretary Liz Truss has said Russian President Vladimir Putin is "hell-bent" on invading Ukraine and "setting the clock back to the mid-1990s".. Mr Putin delivered an angry and . In 1322, Pope John XXII established a diocese in Caffa (modern day Feodosia), which broke apart the Diocese of Khanbaliq (modern day Beijing), the only Catholic presence in the Mongol lands. After they helped defeat the Huns at the battle of Nedao in 454, the Ostrogoths were allowed by the Romans to settle in Pannonia. In east-central Ukraine is the Dnieper Lowland, which is flat in the west and gently rolling in the east. But relations between Ukraine and Russia continued to . Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. 9 min read. Ukraine, country located in eastern Europe, the second largest on the continent after Russia. In particular, these amendments allowed the Ukrainian SSR to become one of the founding members of the United Nations (UN) together with the Soviet Union and the Byelorussian SSR. An Independent Nation. 9- Canada: After the US, another North American country has grabbed a spot on the list of wealthiest nations in the world.It is the second-largest country in the world after Russia in terms of . Ukraine's Push for Independence. However, due to the current political climate caused by territorial sovereignty breaches by Russia, the role of Russians as "co-host" has been greatly minimized, and there are still unresolved difficult issues of the past, for example, the role of Ukrainians during the Holodomor. A modern country. Over 90% of Ukrainian citizens voted for independence, with majorities in every region, including 56% in Crimea. [8] According to Jacek Staszewski, the treaty was not confirmed by a resolution of the Sejm until its 1764 session.[9]. [citation needed]. Known as limans, these bodies of water form at the mouths of rivers or ephemeral streams and are blocked off by sandbars from the sea. Meanwhile, the Ottoman Empire, would emerge as a major regional power in and around the Black Sea, through protectories like the Crimean Khanate, as well as directly administered territory. [citation needed], In the Scythian campaign of Darius I, Darius' army subjugated several Thracian peoples, and virtually all other regions that touch the European part of the Black Sea, such as parts of nowadays Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, and Russia, before it returned to Asia Minor. Here is one key development from every month of the war", "Russians admit defeat in Kharkiv; Zelenskyy visits Izium after troops flee shattered city: Ukraine updates", "Putin illegally annexes territories in Ukraine, in spite of global opposition", The Harvest Of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivisation and the Terror-Famine, "What do Scholars of Russia owe Ukraine? [4] The agreement precipitated the Russo-Polish War of 165467 and the failed Treaty of Hadiach which would have formed PolishLithuanianRuthenian Commonwealth. [106], Many historians in recent years have sought alternatives to national histories, and Ukrainian history invited approaches that looked beyond a national paradigm. Ukraine and Russia share roots stretching back to the first Slavic state, Kievan Rus, a medieval empire founded by Vikings in the 9th century. The first permanent settlers of the island chain were Portuguese explorers who are believed to have settled there in 1462 [i] [ii] . [47] The presidency (19942005) of the 2nd President of Ukraine, Leonid Kuchma, was surrounded by numerous corruption scandals and the lessening of media freedoms, including the Cassette Scandal. A prolonged political crisis began on 21 November 2013, when president Viktor Yanukovych suspended preparations for the implementation of an association agreement with the European Union, instead choosing to seek closer ties with Russia. In Putin's telling, the modern Ukrainian independence movement began not in 1917 but during World War II. [73], On July 28, 2020, in Lublin, Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine created the Lublin Triangle initiative, which aims to create further cooperation between the three historical countries of the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth and further Ukraine's integration and accession to the EU and NATO. The journey to independence started in August 1991, when the Ukrainian parliament set . It was finally achieved by Roman the Great (1197-1205), who not only united both Galicia and Volhynia, but also extended his rule to Kyiv for a short period of time. The 1648 Ukrainian Cossack (Kozak) rebellion or Khmelnytsky Uprising, which started an era known as the Ruin (in Polish history as The Deluge), undermined the foundations and stability of the Commonwealth. The Budapest Memorandum was a 1994 agreement between the U.S., U.K., Russia and Ukraine, which had to do with nuclear non-proliferation and the thorny question of how to manage Ukraine's . [76], Ukraine was originally preparing to formally apply for EU membership in 2024, but instead signed an application for membership in February 2022. Before the current protests in Ukraine over relations with Russia, Ukraine had to fight to free itself from the Soviet Union. Ukrainian pro-independence forces fought pro-Bolsheviks . The Antes were the ancestors of Ukrainians: White Croats, Severians, Polans, Drevlyans, Dulebes, Ulichians, and Tiverians. King of Poland adopted the tile of "lord and heir of Ruthenia" (Latin: Russiae dominus et Heres[27]). The owner of English Premier League football club Chelsea, Roman Abramovich, has reportedly been called in to help mediate the Russia-Ukraine crisis, a spokeswoman for the billionaire oligarch said. The rolling plain of the Dnieper Upland, which lies between the middle reaches of the Dnieper (Dnipro) and Southern Buh (Pivdennyy Buh, or the Boh) rivers in west-central Ukraine, is the largest highland area; it is dissected by many river valleys, ravines, and gorges, some more than 1,000 feet (300 metres) deep. Among the countrys lowlands are the Pripet Marshes (Polissya), which lie in the northern part of Ukraine and are crossed by numerous river valleys. During the 14th century, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was the largest country in Europe; present-day Lithuania, Belarus . Development here lagged behind Russian-ruled Ukraine and was one of the poorest regions in Europe. Ukraine as a fully independent country emerged only late in the 20th century, after long periods of successive domination by Poland-Lithuania, Russia, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics . In the runoff election, Yanukovych officially won by a narrow margin, but Yushchenko and his supporters alleged that vote rigging and intimidation cost him many votes, especially in eastern Ukraine. Ukraine has a few natural lakes, all of them small and most of them scattered over the river floodplains. Kyiv was sacked by the Principality of Vladimir (1169) in the power struggle between princes and later by Cuman and Mongol raiders in the 12th and 13th centuries, respectively. July 16, 1990. The Second World War began in September 1939, when Hitler and Stalin invaded Poland, the Soviet Union taking most of Eastern Poland. They displaced the Sarmatians, but their own power was broken about 375 by the invading Huns from the east, who were followed in the 5th-6th centuries by the Bulgars and Avars. [36] The Russophile policies of Russification and Panslavism led to an exodus of a number of Ukrainian intellectuals into Western Ukraine. CHAMPION BUS, INC. COACH & EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURING CORP. FREIGHTLINER CUSTOM CHASSIS CORP. ELKHART COACH, A DIVISION OF FOREST RIVER, INC. FREEDOM MOTORS USA INC. STARCRAFT BUS, A DIVISION OF FOREST RIVER, INC. THOMAS BUILT BUSES, INC. FREEDOM MOTORS USA, INC. On March 11, 1990, Lithuania declared that it was an independent nation, the first of the Soviet republics to do so. [18] The Copper Age people of the Cucuteni-Trypillian Culture resided in the western part, and the Sredny Stog Culture further east, succeeded by the early Bronze Age Yamna ("Kurgan") culture of the steppes, and by the Catacomb culture in the 3rd millennium BC. During the Iron Age, these peoples were followed by the Dacians as well as nomadic peoples like the Cimmerians (archaeological Novocherkassk culture), Scythians and Sarmatians. Judicial reform was combined with the appointment of old, compromised judges. The region was inhabited by the Dulebe, Tiverian and White Croat tribes[citation needed]. [56], In November 2013, President Yanukovych did not sign the UkraineEuropean Union Association Agreement and instead pursued closer ties with Russia. The United States has traditionally sought to promote Ukrainian political and economic stability since the Ukraine declared independence from Russia. During the 14th and 15th centuries, present-day Ukrainian territories came under the rule of four external powers: the Golden Horde, the Crimean Khanate, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. [10] The Ukrainian Bolsheviks, who had defeated the national government in Kyiv, established the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, which on 30 December 1922 became one of the founding republics of the Soviet Union. In 1953, Nikita Khrushchev, a Russian, succeeded as head of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union enabled a Ukrainian revival, and in 1954 the republic expanded to the south with the transfer of Crimea from Russia. [86][88][89][90] By December 2015, more than 9,100 people had died (largely civilians) in the War in Donbas,[91] according to United Nations figures. Following the Battle of Poltava later in 1709, there was a diminishment in Hetmanate power, culminating with the disestablishment of the Cossack Hetmanate in the 1760s and the destruction of the Zaporozhian Sich in the 1770s. Viktor Yanukovych,[49] the incumbent Prime Minister, supported by both Kuchma and by the Russian Federation, wanted closer ties with Russia. Three large artesian basinsthe Volyn-Podilsk, the Dnieper, and the Black Seaare exceptionally important for municipal needs and agriculture as well. One reason for this, as NPR's Greg Myre reported, is that Russian President Vladimir Putin wants to stem his country's decline in global influence: Moscow's leverage in places like Ukraine is one . The period immediately following the creation of the Commonwealth saw a huge revitalisation in colonisation efforts. Ukraine was one of them. The flourishing of social history after 1960 opened many new approaches for researchers in Canada; Subtelny used the modernization model. Like the Dnieper, the Southern Buh, with its major tributary, the Inhul, flows into the Black Sea. A video shared widely in March 2022 showed Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy performing John Lennon's "Imagine." Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy became . [110] George W. Simpson and Orest Subtelny were leaders promoting Ukrainian studies in Canadian academe. While Christianity had made headway into the territory of modern Ukraine before the first ecumenical council, the Council of Nicaea (325) (particularly along the Black Sea coast, with the clearest evidence being the Christianization of the Crimean Goths) and, in western Ukraine during the time of the Empire of Great Moravia, the formal governmental acceptance of Christianity in Rus' occurred in 988. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Yushchenko, whose popularity had plummeted,[50] persisted in running, and many pro-Orange voters stayed home. In 1240, the Mongols sacked Kyiv, and many people fled to other countries. In the late Neolithic times, the Cucuteni-Trypillian Culture flourished from about 4,5003,000BC. By Tim Lambert. This map image could be re-created using vector graphics as an SVG file.This has several advantages; see Commons:Media for cleanup for more information. Coauthor of. Between the 7th and 9th centuries, the Ukrainian . Published 27 Feb 2022, 09:24 GMT. Although the origins of the Early Slavs are not known for certain, many theories suggest they may have originated near Polesia. Slowly, the histories of Poles and Jews are also slowly being reintegrated. Initially both Volhynia and Galicia were separate principalities, ruled by descendants of Yaroslav the Wise (Galicia by Rostislavich dynasty, and Volhynia initially by Igorevich and eventually by Iziaslavich dynasty). Nearly 19,000 civilian casualties had been reported, as of 12 February 2023. In 1992 Burkhard Herbote, a VP for the World Tourism . "With Ukraine, Russia is an empire. If you had . A further tragic irony of the Crimean transfer is that an action of sixty years ago, taken by Moscow to strengthen its control over Ukraine, has come back to haunt Ukraine today. It is situated both in the Northern and Eastern hemispheres of the earth. Head, Department of the History of Ukrainian Prerevolutionary Literature, Institute of Literature, Ukrainian S.S.R. In 1991, at the beginning of the end of the Soviet Union, Ukraine declared independence after nearly 70 years under Moscow's control. Maks Chmerkovskiy/Instagram . Early parliamentary elections on July 21 allowed the newly formed pro-presidential Servant of the People party to win an absolute majority of seats for the first time in the history of independent Ukraine (248). unitary multiparty republic with a single legislative house (Verkhovna Rada, The autonomous hetman state and Sloboda Ukraine, Right Bank and western Ukraine until the Partitions of Poland, Ukraine under direct imperial Russian rule, Western Ukraine under the Habsburg monarchy, World War I and the struggle for independence, The New Economic Policy and Ukrainization, Western Ukraine under Soviet and Nazi rule, The Orange Revolution and the Yushchenko presidency, Russian invasion and annexation of Crimea, The Zelensky presidency and continued Russian aggression, The Zelensky-Trump phone call and the COVID-19 pandemic, The Russian buildup and the Battle of Kyiv, The Ukrainian refugee crisis and Russian war crimes, Which Country Is Larger By Population? 1932 - Millions die in a man-made famine during Stalin's collectivisation campaign, known in Ukraine as the Holodomor. Later the Kievan ruler, Yaroslav I promulgated the Russkaya Pravda (Truth of Rus') which continued through the Lithuanian period of Rus'. Professor of Geography, University of Windsor, Ontario, Can. A viral Facebook post has shown a Ukrainian officer who trained with the Houston Police Department (HPD) wearing a "Don't Mess With Texas" patch amid the country's fight against Russia. The Supreme Court later annulled the election result and following an election re-run in December 2005, Viktor Yushchenko became president. [79] In April 2014 Ukrainian separatists self-proclaimed the Donetsk People's Republic and Lugansk People's Republic and held referendums on 11 May 2014; the separatists claimed nearly 90% voted in favor of independence. A Varangian dynasty from Scandinavia settled in Kiev in the 9th century and proceeded to free the . Ukraine emerges as the concept of a nation, and the Ukrainians as a nationality, with the Ukrainian National Revival in the mid-18th century, in the wake of the peasant revolt of 1768/1769 and the eventual partition of the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth. [54], During his presidency (20102014), Yanukovych and his Party of Regions were accused of trying to create a "controlled democracy" in Ukraine and of trying to destroy the main opposition party Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko, but both have denied these charges. In order to make the Mayor answerable to the public, we need to do two things: 1. In the Soviet Union, there was a radical break after 1921, led by Mikhail Pokrovsky. The Tomos was presented to the head of the OCU, Metropolitan Epiphanius, during a joint liturgy with the Ecumenical Patriarch. The southern lowland continues in the Crimean Peninsula as the North Crimean Lowland. [47][48] During Kuchma's presidency, the economy recovered, with GDP growth at around 10% a year in his last years in office.[47]. Ukraine's modern history as an independent state amounted to a few tumultuous years of a shaky Ukrainian People's Republic between the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917 . Following the union between Poland and Lithuania, Poles, Germans, Lithuanians and Jews migrated to the region, forcing Ukrainians out of positions of power they shared with Lithuanians, with more Ukrainians being forced into Central Ukraine as a result of Polish migration, polonization, and other forms of oppression against Ukraine and Ukrainians, all of which started to fully take form. Serhii Plokhy argues that looking beyond the country's national history has made possible a richer understanding of Ukraine, its people, and the surrounding regions. Conflict among the various principalities of Rus', in spite of the efforts of Grand Prince Vladimir Monomakh, led to decline, beginning in the 12th century. The peninsulaa large protrusion into the Black Seais connected to the mainland by the Perekop Isthmus. "Some of our engineers, they weigh 110 pounds. [107] since 2015, there has been renewed interest in integrating a "territorial-civic" and "linguistic-ethnic" history of Ukraine. Until the late 18th century, the Crimean Khanate maintained a massive slave trade with the Ottoman Empire and the Middle East,[31] exporting about 2 million slaves from Russia and Ukraine over the period 15001700.
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