KY.%$?//x`a9%y[6UiRs9*Be#ChM*@I!fb#_ww3]Zl'x2iPg>O^-. The partition coefficient is the ratio of the compound's concentration in the organic layer compared to the aqueous layer. The distribution coefficient represents the equilibrium constant for this process. 0000048717 00000 n
(Solution 2: NEUTRALS IN METHYLENE CHLORIDE) The acids go into the water layer. Since organic compounds have their distribution ratio largely in favor of the benzene phase, more of them would pass into a non-aqueous layer. If the same 100 cc of solution is used in four or five lots, a still greater proportion could be extracted. 0000003429 00000 n
If a substance is present as several chemical species in the partition system due to association or dissociation, each species is assigned its own Kow value. If the compound has lots of polar groups, such as hydroxyl (-OH), it might be soluble in water. 0 Masking agents are metal complexing agents, introduced here to improve the separation factor. The value is greater than one if a substance is more soluble in fat-like solvents such as n-octanol, and less than one if it is more soluble in water. The partition coefficients reflect the solubility of a compound in the organic and aqueous layers, and so is dependent on the solvent system used. Water and organic solvents should not be miscible to each other. Dont even worry about what that means yet. [38][39] The most common method of measuring the distribution of the solute is by UV/VIS spectroscopy. Solvent extraction is a method to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water and an organic solvent. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 88,000 Its working mechanism is based upon Nernst distribution law. [37], A number of methods of measuring distribution coefficients have been developed, including the shake-flask, separating funnel method, reverse-phase HPLC, and pH-metric techniques. Lets say you did the extraction above using ether. {\displaystyle f^{0}} distribution coefficient is very low, by repeated extractions with small volumes of solvent. Shake and drain off the lower DCM layer. endstream
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Some common masking agents are 8-quinolinol for Fe3+, CN(cyanate), Tartarate, etc. For example, suppose the volume of the organic phase was very small compared to the volume of the aqueous phase. This page titled Liquid-Liquid Extraction is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Thomas Wenzel. /An|=AnpGW(b/L*z>*vlT
BUT."cE"vIiR +Ml$pKpY@' rVA)tn*1 OaF [31][32] On the other hand, hydrophobic drugs tend to be more toxic because they, in general, are retained longer, have a wider distribution within the body (e.g., intracellular), are somewhat less selective in their binding to proteins, and finally are often extensively metabolized. Note: BE SURE to remove the top sep funnel cap before you drain! The values listed here[67] are sorted by the partition coefficient. Figure 4.16 shows a diagram of an aqueous solution being extracted twice with diethyl ether. A molecular thermodynamic model for the extraction of CoCl2 from different chloride salts by 0.2 mol L-1 trioctylmethylammonium chloride in toluene using the OLI mixed-solvent electrolyte (OLI-MSE) framework is constructed and shows that the salting effects originate from indirect salt cation-solvent interactions that influence the availability of water in the aqueous and organic phases. There are many situations where prediction of partition coefficients prior to experimental measurement is useful. endstream
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The extraction is repeated two to three times, or perhaps more times if the compound has a low partition coefficient in the organic solvent. Finally this non-aqueous layer is removed and distilled to obtain the purified compound. Usually it helps to form a neutral metal complex. If the goal is to extract caffeine preferentially and leave behind other components in the tea, one solvent may be more selective in this regard. In the second extraction, again using 50 cc of ether, we will further extract 2/3 of 1/3 (that is, 2/9) of the original amount. Water also dissolves in organic solvents: ethyl acetate (3 %), diethyl ether (1.4 %), dichloromethane (0.25 %) and chloroform (0.056 %). The separating funnel is then shaken well, and the ammonia which is soluble in both metals ents starts traveling across the phases to establish equilibrium. [53], The most common of these uses a group contribution method and is termed cLogP. For example, morphine has a partition coefficient of roughly 6 in ethyl acetate and water.\(^2\) If dark circles represent morphine molecules, \(1.00 \: \text{g}\) of morphine would distribute itself as shown in Figure 4.11. The most common organic solvent used is ether. 0000051499 00000 n
The calculation for the third extraction is as follows: \[4.07 = \dfrac{\left( \dfrac{x}{50 \: \text{mL ether}} \right)}{\left( \dfrac{0.09 \: \text{g} - x}{150 \: \text{mL water}} \right)}\]. [38], A faster method of log P determination makes use of high-performance liquid chromatography. =: Legal. In addition, since log D is pH-dependent, the pH at which the log D was measured must be specified. Polarized liquid interfaces have been used to examine the thermodynamics and kinetics of the transfer of charged species from one phase to another. The ring structure with no charge is formed by the coordination of metals with several types of ligands depending upon the requirements and conditions. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. 0000004756 00000 n
The hydrophobicity of a compound can give scientists an indication of how easily a compound might be taken up in groundwater to pollute waterways, and its toxicity to animals and aquatic life. 8)", "Water-oil partition profiling of ionized drug molecules using cyclic voltammetry and a 96-well microfilter plate system", "A new access to Gibbs energies of transfer of ions across liquid|liquid interfaces and a new method to study electrochemical processes at well-defined three-phase junctions", "Quantitative analysis of biochemical processes in living cells at a single-molecule level: a case of olaparibPARP1 (DNA repair protein) interactions", "The toxicity data landscape for environmental chemicals", "Lipophilicity--methods of determination and its role in medicinal chemistry", "Atomic Physicochemical Parameters for Three-Dimensional Structure-Directed Quantitative StructureActivity Relationships I. Partition Coefficients as a Measure of Hydrophobicity", "Computation of octanol-water partition coefficients by guiding an additive model with knowledge", "Simple method of calculating octanol/water partition coefficient", "A review of methods for the calculation of solution free energies and the modelling of systems in solution", "A comparison of log Kow (n-octanolwater partition coefficient) values for non-ionic, anionic, cationic and amphoteric surfactants determined using predictions and experimental methods", "Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient Measurement by a Simple, "Determination of liquid-liquid partition coefficients by separation methods", "Chapter 3: Solubility and Lipophilicity", List of boiling and freezing information of solvents, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partition_coefficient&oldid=1140367721, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021, All articles needing additional references, Articles needing additional references from March 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2016, Articles lacking reliable references from March 2016, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 19 February 2023, at 19:59. Instead, fresh diethyl ether is added to the aqueous layer, since it has the potential to extract more compound. 660 28
If "\(x\)" is the gram quantity of hyoscyamine extracted into the diethyl ether layer, then "\(0.50 \: \text{g} - x\)" would remain in the aqueous layer after equilibrium is established. Using \(K\), the calculation is identical to the previous discussion, differing only in the smaller volume of the organic layer (\(50 \: \text{mL}\) instead of \(150 \: \text{mL}\)). In such solvent extraction, it's advantageous to do extraction in successive stages using smaller lots of solvents rather doing extraction once using the entire lot. Partition Coefficient Concept & Equation | What is the Partition Coefficient? Substances are separated by this method on the basis of their different solubilities in two immiscible liquids. The extraction efficiency of a metal ion in the presence of a ligand will depend on the pH of the aqueous phase. o
Neutrals Whether the pH is acidic or basic, these will remain neutral under all circumstances. [63][64][65], Kow, being a type of partition coefficient, serves as a measure of the relationship between lipophilicity (fat solubility) and hydrophilicity (water solubility) of a substance. =NPFWk(](h)g#|d_I_
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1x4> s in these circumstances, the separation is calculated as the partition coefficient ratio of two solutes. Partition coefficient at a single-cell level provides information on cellular uptake mechanism.[45]. [1], In the chemical and pharmaceutical sciences, both phases usually are solvents. Ratio of concentrations in a mixture at equilibrium, "4.2.4: Partition and Distribution Coefficients", "Chapter 15: General Anesthetic Pharmacology", "Chapter 3: Free Energy and Phase Diagrams", "The partition of organic compounds. A generalized formula can be easily suggested for the amount remaining unextracted after a given number of operations. [9] For example, partition constant, defined as, where KD is the process equilibrium constant, [A] represents the concentration of solute A being tested, and "org" and "aq" refer to the organic and aqueous phases respectively. These two liquids, flowing in opposite directions, are brought into contact, mixed, and allowed to separate. xref
All rights reserved. If the \(50 \: \text{mL}\) diethyl ether extracts are combined in this example (Figure 4.19), there would be a total of \(0.46 \: \text{g}\) of hyoscyamine in the combined organic extracts. The desire is to have three solutions at the end, each in methylene chloride, one of which contains only the organic acids, the second contains only the organic bases, and the third contains only the neutrals. In this technique, the Salute or solutes are distributed between two immiscible liquids IE organic and aqueous layers. [36], In metallurgy, the partition coefficient is an important factor in determining how different impurities are distributed between molten and solidified metal. The partition coefficient \(K\) is the ratio of the compound's concentration in the organic layer compared to the aqueous layer. HlTMo@W@R+E[xa,68mn0y$N,.@+ vZ"l{p0WEPIn!M
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~B(&8 KJ1F Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. The larger the value of DM, the more of the solute we have extracted or partitioned into the organic phase. If you see a charge or if you see a row I metal (Li, Na, K) then its a salt. Otherwise your solvent might get sucked into the vacuum, which is bad for you and the equipment. The formation of a mixture of 1:1 and 1:2 complexes with 2-hexylpyridine is indicated. Solvent extraction is somehow different from distillation. Lets say you did this lab and collected the following data: 0.61g benzoic acid in 250.0 mL water = 0.020 M aqueous solution of benzoic acid 1st extraction: 10.5 mL 0.020 M aq. Depending on the partition coefficient for a compound in a solvent, a single extraction may be all that is needed to effectively extract a compound. Solvent extraction is acknowledged as the most promising method for metal separation and purification especially in industrial production due to . Using this data you can calculate Kd. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. In the chemistry lab, it is most common to use liquid-liquid extraction, a process that occurs in a separatory funnel. When a solution is placed in a separatory funnel and shaken with an immiscible solvent, solutes often dissolve in part into both layers. After solving the algebra, \(x = 0.05 \: \text{g}\). As we will see shortly, this distribution of a solute between two immiscible phases forms the basis of chromatographic separations as well. \[\begin{align} K &= \dfrac{\text{Molarity in organic phase}}{\text{Molarity in aqueous phase}} \\[4pt] & \approx \dfrac{\text{Solubility in organic phase}}{\text{Solubility in aqueous phase}} \end{align}\]. They can be separated through two main methods, It is best suitable for electrically neutral metal atom extractions. Likewise, most salts are much more soluble in water than they are in organic solvents. Certain features of this process closely parallel aspects of chromatographic separations. indicates the pH-dependent mole fraction of the I-th form (of the solute) in the aqueous phase, and other variables are defined as previously. Using this data you can calculate Kd. How much hyoscyamine would be extracted into the diethyl ether layer in this process? So if we add an aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate to deprotonate the benzoic acid, the resulting sodium salt (the conjugate base of benzoic acid) will stay in the water layer. The organic phase and aqueous phase form layers in your sep funnel. 0000051411 00000 n
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succeed. But its charged sodium salt is soluble in water. In practice this is accomplished by use of an apparatus in which the solution to be extracted is continuously treated with fresh solvent. The metal atom with positive charges aggregates themselves with negative charges to form neutral complexes. Distribution constants are useful as they allow the calculation of the concentration of remaining analyte in the solution, even after a number of solvent extractions have occurred. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. endstream
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Organic compounds are then quite easily separated from the mixture with inorganic compounds in aqueous medium by adding benzene, chloroform, etc. [10]:2804 Hence, a single experiment can be used to measure the logarithms of the partition coefficient (log P) giving the distribution of molecules that are primarily neutral in charge, as well as the distribution coefficient (log D) of all forms of the molecule over a pH range, e.g., between 2 and 12. . Saranya has a masters degree in Chemistry and in Secondary Education. Give it a try! Then the concentration of the substance in solvent = x0 - x1 / L , while the concentration of the substance in the water = x1 / V, So the distribution coefficient, K = x1 / V divided by x0 - x1 / L, or, x1 = KV(x0 - x1) / L = x0 (KV / KV + L). Solvent extraction is a process in which a substance can be separated from its matrix. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. +G# C Second extraction: extract 50.0 mL aqueous benzoic acid with two 5.0 mL portions of DCM. SNDc%Aqw_|/ZX&lCJb|Q[lnl)6=acT*/7]g8 When using equal volumes, a \(K\) of \(\sim 6\) means there will be six times as many morphine molecules in the organic layer as there are in the water layer. Since the organic layer from the first extraction had already reached equilibrium with the aqueous layer, it would do little good to return it to the separatory funnel and expose it to the aqueous layer again. For example, benzoic acid is much more soluble in organics than it is in water. Acetylation of Ferrocene | Mechanism, Equation & Major Product, SAT Subject Test Chemistry: Practice and Study Guide, CSET Science Subtest II Chemistry (218): Practice & Study Guide, NY Regents Exam - Chemistry: Help and Review, General Chemistry Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, Virginia SOL - Chemistry: Test Prep & Practice, NES Chemistry (306): Practice & Study Guide, BMAT (Biomedical Admissions Test): Practice & Preparation, WBJEEM (West Bengal Joint Entrance Exam): Test Prep & Syllabus, Organic & Inorganic Compounds Study Guide, GACE Special Education Mathematics & Science (088): Practice & Study Guide, Create an account to start this course today. Coordination Compounds Applications & Importance | What is Coordination Compound? To understand the distribution of solute in two solvents, Let us consider an example of ammonia dissolved in two immiscible solvents. How Does Extraction Compare To Distillation? The product you want to isolate cant be soluble in water ether. Acetamide is hydrophilic, and 2,2,4,4,5-Pentachlorobiphenyl is lipophilic. Spectroscopy Types & Techniques | Absorption, Nuclear Magnetic, & Mass Spectroscopy. I It is a simple non-destructive and widely used technique in the laboratory. Acid-Base Extraction | Overview, Purpose & Applications. Actinide Series Periodic Table & Elements | What is the Actinide Series? For instance, for an octanolwater partition, it is, To distinguish between this and the standard, un-ionized, partition coefficient, the un-ionized is often assigned the symbol log P0, such that the indexed Instead of using one \(150 \: \text{mL}\) portion, let's instead split the solvent into three \(50 \: \text{mL}\) portions of diethyl ether. "Extraction" refers to transference of compound (s) from a solid or liquid into a different solvent or phase. The relationship between pH and distribution ratio is given by. distribution coefficient partition coefficient K=C1/C2=g compound per mL organic solvent/g compound per mL water K=1.5 any organic compound with an equilibrium distribution coefficient greater than 1.5 can be separated from water by extraction with a water insoluble organic solvent changing the solubility with acid base chemistry This ratio is therefore a comparison of the solubilities of the solute in these two liquids. Stripping is the removal of extracted solute from the organic phase for further investigations. a,#z/A#PKgDFxPRz
l>kd}E b"~'PnP):u}QZ#J,C?M`_h&r}1zNXbv/ew=c/WG|x2R^xmM+*Ju8s3./N?k\$m9wR6`}]x'uzGK The partition coefficient is the ratio of the moles of solute in the two phases, and is a more effective means of measuring whether you have achieved the desired goal. Its solubility data is shown in Figure 4.13b. Organic Chemistry Practice Problems and Problem Sets. Because in distillation the separation of compounds with large differences in their boiling point is separated. The particulate ratio is not as simple when the layer volumes are different, but the ratio of concentrations always equals the \(K\) (Figure 4.11b). The key requirement of solvent extraction for high efficiency is the conditions that lead to a higher distribution ratio of solute to be extracted. Your numbers will probably be different. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Hence it is advisable to make the drug as hydrophilic as possible while it still retains adequate binding affinity to the therapeutic protein target. In solvent extraction, masking agents are used to prevent unwanted metals from producing extractable complexes hence increasing the selectivity of the procedure. Thus, SLR of 1:50 g . Step 1: Lower the pH of the water using concentrated hydrochloric acid. The rotovap is glass under pressure, so always wear goggles- theres a slight chance the glass could shatter. The distribution coefficient of Fe(III) (tracer) is dependent on the square of the 2-hexylpyridine concentration in the benzene phase. NaOH needed to titrate benzoic acid remaining in aqueous layers after two 5 mL dichloromethane extractions. of S in solvent A)/(conc. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Diethyl ether has a density less than \(1 \: \text{g/mL}\), so is the top organic layer in the funnel. For most moderately polar to non-polar organic compounds the distribution coefficient, K, will have a value between 0.5 to 10 for distribution between an organic solvent and . When an aqueous solution is extracted with an organic solvent that is denser than water (for example dichloromethane, \(\ce{CH_2Cl_2}\)), the only procedural difference is that there is no need to ever drain the aqueous layer from the separatory funnel. In a multiple extraction of an aqueous layer, the first extraction is procedurally identical to a single extraction. A fresh portion of the organic phase is then added to remove more of the solute in a second extraction. - Definition & Process, Stoichiometry: Calculating Relative Quantities in a Gas or Solution, Alberta Education Diploma - Chemistry 30 Flashcards, Holt McDougal Earth Science: Online Textbook Help, Holt Physical Science: Online Textbook Help, High School Physical Science: Homework Help Resource, Understanding Cell Biology: History & Theories, Making Predictions About a Resistor's Properties: Physics Lab, Values of Currents & Potential Differences in an Electric Circuit, How a System Approaches Thermal Equilibrium, Calculating Changes in Kinetic & Potential Energy of a System, Pressure-Volume Diagram: Definition & Example, Plotting Pressure vs. Volume for a Thermodynamic Process, Applying Conservation of Mass & Energy to a Natural Phenomenon, Power, Current & Potential Difference Across a Resistor, Electric Charge Conservation for Nuclear & Elementary Particle Reactions, Kirchhoff's Junction Rule & the Law of Charge Conservation, Determining Missing Values & Direction of Electric Current, Conservation of Nucleon Number: Definition & Examples, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. You could have a very high concentration of the solute in the organic phase, but if we looked at the amount of solute in the organic phase relative to the amount still in the water, it might only be a small portion of the total solute in the system. [citation needed], Values for other compounds may be found in a variety of available reviews and monographs. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. For example, the blood/gas partition coefficient of a general anesthetic measures how easily the anesthetic passes from gas to blood. The process is often repeated with a third extraction (not shown in Figure 4.16), with the aqueous layer from the second extraction being returned to the separatory funnel, followed by another portion of fresh organic solvent. The first is a classic example of an extraction procedure that can be used to separate acids, bases, and neutrals. If our goal is to extract a solute from the aqueous phase into the organic phase, there is one potential problem with using the distribution coefficient as a measure of how well you have accomplished this goal. ia\
T,=x9s87}:; = It requires simple equipment such as separating funnel, stopper, beakers and funnel stand. such organic products which have low boiling points or are thermally unstable are preferably separated or refined by this process, The principle of solvent extraction next line works on the principle of Nernst distribution law or partition law which states that when a solute particle is distributed in the two solvents is also distributed in a fixed ratio irrespective of the solute present. iFALyCkd%2grdm. Usually you wash more than once- so after draining off the aqueous layer, add some more water to the sep funnel and wash/rinse/repeat. Later on, in 1940 this process get real importance because of its use in extracting rare earth metals. Fragmentary log P values have been determined in a statistical method analogous to the atomic methods (least-squares fitting to a training set). [3] Hence the partition coefficient measures how hydrophilic ("water-loving") or hydrophobic ("water-fearing") a chemical substance is. Valence Bond Theory of Coordination Compounds, Adsorption Chromatography: Definition & Example. Partition coefficients are useful in estimating the distribution of drugs within the body. (O/A = 1:1, T = 25 C, t = 30 min. In addition, Hammett-type corrections are included to account of electronic and steric effects. These calculations demonstrate that using multiple portions of a solvent maximizes the extractive power of the solvent. \[4.07 = \dfrac{\left( \dfrac{x}{50 \: \text{mL ether}} \right)}{\left( \dfrac{0.50 \: \text{g} - x}{150 \: \text{mL water}} \right)}\]. It is also calculated as the ratio of the concentration of the compound in a mixture of two immiscible solvent systems, "solvent x" and "solvent y.". After solving the algebra, \(x = \textbf{0.40 g}\). 0000004979 00000 n
the organic compound with acidic and basic nature can be extracted through solvent extraction. Metal salts with inorganic anions (halide, sulfate, phosphate, etc.) :^ BWLgQG >stream
The methods also differ in accuracy and whether they can be applied to all molecules, or only ones similar to molecules already studied. To demonstrate the effectiveness of a multiple extraction, let's return to the problem from the single extraction section, where a solution of \(0.50 \: \text{g}\) hyoscyamine in \(150 \: \text{mL}\) water is to be extracted into diethyl ether. The partition coefficient generally refers to the concentration ratio of un-ionized species of compound, whereas the distribution coefficient refers to the concentration ratio of all species of the compound (ionized plus un-ionized). 0
Step 3: Take the methylene chloride layer from step (1) and shake this against an aqueous layer with a pH value of 13 (adjusted to that level using a concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide). This quantity can be approximated using the solubility data. In some cases the metabolites may be chemically reactive. Step 4. First lets talk about what extraction is and how to use a sep funnel. P [62] It is also frequently referred to by the symbol P, especially in the English literature. Hence there is a need to prioritize the remainder for testing. { "01_Liquid-Liquid_Extraction" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02_Chromatography_\u2013_Background" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03_Broadening_of_Chromatographic_Peaks" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04_Fundamental_Resolution_Equation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05_Liquid_Chromatographic_Separation_Methods" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06_Gas_Chromatographic_Separation_Methods" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07_Appendix_1:__Derivation_of_the_Fundamental_Resolution_Equation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "01_In-class_Problems" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02_Text" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03_Learning_Objectives" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04_Instructor\'s_Manual" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05_Out-of-class_Problems" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06_Laboratory_Projects" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07_Specialty_Topics" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08_Vignettes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbyncsa", "licenseversion:40", "authorname:asdl", "author@Thomas Wenzel" ], https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FAnalytical_Chemistry%2FSupplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)%2FAnalytical_Sciences_Digital_Library%2FCourseware%2FSeparation_Science%2F02_Text%2F01_Liquid-Liquid_Extraction, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), status page at https://status.libretexts.org.