Zhur. [all data], Sieg, Crtzen, et al., 1951 [97] Benzene causes chromosomal aberrations in the peripheral blood leukocytes and bone marrow explaining the higher incidence of leukemia and multiple myeloma caused by chronic exposure. Specific Heat capacity is given as. The pure material, and any solutions containing it, constitute a fire risk. Benzene production is currently expanding in the Middle East and in Africa, whereas production capacities in Western Europe and North America are stagnating. The hydrocarbon derived from benzoic acid thus acquired the name benzin, benzol, or benzene. The U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) revised the Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) concentration for benzene to 500 ppm. J. Thermophysics, 1982, 3, 1-15. With the global phaseout of leaded gasoline, benzene has made a comeback as a gasoline additive in some nations. [all data], Oliver, Eaton, et al., 1948 Heat capacities of some organic substances at low temperature, Specific target organ toxicity - repeated exposure - Category 1. In 2005, the water supply to the city of Harbin in China with a population of almost nine million people, was cut off because of a major benzene exposure. Replacing one CH with N gives the compound pyridine, C5H5N. GSH mutations or deletions result in loss of function and result in decreased detoxification. ; Hart, K.R., For full table with Imperial Units - rotate the screen! National Library of Medicine. Specific heat of ethyl alcohol= 2.44 . arrow_forward The specific heat capacity of copper metal is 0.385 J/g K. How much energy is required to heat 168 g of copper from 12.2 C to +25.6 C? Carbon dioxide (CO2). Benzene itself can be measured in breath, blood or urine, but such testing is usually limited to the first 24 hours post-exposure due to the relatively rapid removal of the chemical by exhalation or biotransformation. [67], As a gasoline (petrol) additive, benzene increases the octane rating and reduces knocking. [all data], Pacor, 1967 Copper standard solution,CAS Number:7440-50-8,Specification:50mL Thermal data on organic compounds. Uber binare flussige Mischungen I. Mischungswarment, Volumseffekte und Zustandsdiagramme von chlorex mit benzol und n-alkylbenzolen, Studies on the heat capacities at low temperature. Benzene: Patient information sheet, "Drinking Water Contaminants | Organic Chemicals | Benzene", "Benzene Toxicity: Standards and Regulations", "Documentation for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH): Introduction", "Blood concentrations of volatile organic compounds in a nonoccupationally exposed US population and in groups with suspected exposure", "100 tonnes of pollutants spilled into Chinese river", "Drinking water contamination from the thermal degradation of plastics: Implications for wildfire and structure fire response", "A Former Nazi Labor Camp in Austria, Now Billed as a Tourist Site", Dept. ; Gilmont, R.; Rossini, F.D., Chem. It is also used in water treatment chemicals, paper sizing, artificial sweeteners, flavor enhancers, cosmetics, and lubricants. The heat capacity, heat of fusion and entropy of benzene, Bull. Cookies are only used in the browser to improve user experience. The discussed value is almost 1.3 times higher than the heat flux obtained in case quenching is conducted by downward spray. [71] Highly instructive but of far less industrial significance is the Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene (and many other aromatic rings) using an alkyl halide in the presence of a strong Lewis acid catalyst. This process was later discontinued. MSDS for benzene is available at AMOCO. (2007), Last edited on 15 February 2023, at 05:01, United States Environmental Protection Agency, US Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, an explosion at a China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) factory, Industrial Union Department v. American Petroleum Institute, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Chemical & Engineering Data Series, "Surface tension measurements show that chaotropic salting-in denaturants are not just water-structure breakers", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, "Benzene - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics", "On new compounds of carbon and hydrogen, and on certain other products obtained during the decomposition of oil by heat", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, "ber das Benzol und die Suren der Oel- und Talgarten", Reports of the Proceedings of the Scientific Society of Freiburg, "On the oxidation of phenyl alcohol, and a mechanical arrangement adapted to illustrate structure in the non-saturated hydrocarbons", Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, "Sur la constitution des substances aromatiques", "Ueber einige Condensationsproducte des Aldehyds", "An explanation of the laws which govern substitution in the case of benzenoid compounds", "Crocker, Not Armit and Robinson, Begat the Six Aromatic Electrons". [105] Benzene leaked into the Songhua River, which supplies drinking water to the city, after an explosion at a China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) factory in the city of Jilin on 13 November 2005. ), 1977, C9-1-C9-4. Heats of combustion and formation at 25C of the alkylbenzenes through C10H14, and of the higher normal monoalkylbenzenes, Deshpande, D.D. Safety glasses. [all data], Subrahmanyam and Khan, 1969 Google use cookies for serving our ads and handling visitor statistics. Inter. The word "benzene" derives from "gum benzoin" (benzoin resin), an aromatic resin known since ancient times in Southeast Asia; and later to European pharmacists and perfumers in the 16th century via trade routes. Whereas alkenes can be hydrogenated near room temperatures, benzene and related compounds are more reluctant substrates, requiring temperatures >100C. Ethyl alcohol likely exhibits more hydrogen bonding than water. ; Udowenko, W.W., This is also used in SPECTROSCOPY, the science of analysing what something is made Continue Reading James Macklin J. Determination of excess heat capacities of (benzene + tetrachloromethane and + cyclohexane) between 293.15 and 303.15 K by use of a Picker flow calorimeter, been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. Chem. (The density of benzene is 0.80 g/mL, its specific heat capacity is 1.74 J/g K, and its heat of fusion is 127 J/g.) *** Very flammable. [56] The CC bond lengths are greater than a double bond (135 pm) but shorter than a single bond (147 pm). (August 2007). 2. Pacor, P., Benzene: 0.085: 2.7: 4.0: 1460: Hexane: . Bull. Williams, J.W. Maleic anhydride is widely used in resins, coating, pharmaceuticals, surfactants, agricultural products, and plastics. France, 1929, 45, 36-49. If gloves are worn, PVA, butyl rubber and viton are suitable materials. Andrews, D.H.; Lynn, G.; Johnston, J., However, if heated it becomes a gas, and when cooled it becomes a solid. Data, 1989, 34, 332-335. Shiohama, Y.; Ogawa, H.; Murakami, S.; Fujihara, I., [all data], Landrieu, Baylocq, et al., 1929 Isotopic effect in the specific heat of some deutero compounds, Excess properties of the mixture bis(2-dichlorethyl)ether (chlorex) + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (isooctane), J. ; Bashirov, M.M. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST J. Chem. To accurately reflect the nature of the bonding, benzene is often depicted with a circle inside a hexagonal arrangement of carbon atoms. Isentropic compressibilities of binary liquid mixtures at 303.15 and 313.15 K, Ramadevi Punyamurthy et al. In his 1890 paper, Armstrong represented benzene nuclei within polycyclic benzenoids by placing inside the benzene nuclei a letter "C", an abbreviation of the word "centric". In the United States, concern over its negative health effects and the possibility of benzene entering the groundwater has led to stringent regulation of gasoline's benzene content, with limits typically around 1%. [all data], Lainez, Rodrigo, et al., 1989 FOIA. The specific heats and latent heats of fusion of ice and of several organic compounds, It is used primarily as a precursor to the manufacture of chemicals with more complex structure, such as ethylbenzene and cumene, of which billions of kilograms are produced annually. Data compiled as indicated in comments: 1 C) = 30.7 k // mol melting point = 5.5 0 C A H tin (5.50 C) = 9.95 kV / mol specific heat liguid = 1.741/ 0 C At a pressure of 1 atm, what is AH in kJ for the process of condensing a 31.3 a sample of gaseous benzene at . [65] More than half of the entire benzene production is processed into ethylbenzene, a precursor to styrene, which is used to make polymers and plastics like polystyrene. Thermodynam., 1976, 8, 289-299. Benzene should NOT be used at all unless no safer alternatives are available. Findenegg, G.H. [all data], Fiock, Ginnings, et al., 1931 In the absence of the catalyst, benzene is impervious to hydrogen. Oliver, G.D.; Eaton, M.; Huffman, H.M., [17] Michael Faraday first isolated and identified benzene in 1825 from the oily residue derived from the production of illuminating gas, giving it the name bicarburet of hydrogen. Kekul's 1872 modification of his 1865 theory, illustrating rapid alternation of double bonds[note 1], In 1845, Charles Blachford Mansfield, working under August Wilhelm von Hofmann, isolated benzene from coal tar. Short Commun. The aromatic compounds. Ahlberg, J.E. von Reis, M.A., It also shows the saturation pressure with changes in temperature. In general, the evaluated uncertainty limits are on the order of (0.5 to 2.5) kJ/mol. Excess heat capacities for mixture of benzene with n-heptane at 293.15, 298.15 and 303.15 K, [44][45] Using large crystals of hexamethylbenzene, a benzene derivative with the same core of six carbon atoms, Lonsdale obtained diffraction patterns. Organic Chemistry - Specific Name Reactions. Benzene, also commonly known as benzol, is a colorless liquid with a sweet pungent odor. Keep away from heat and sources of ignition. [all data], Kalali, Kohler, et al., 1987 Sulfonated benzene derivatives are useful detergents. From p. 102: " benzene, according to this view, may be represented by a double ring, in fact." [all data], Tanaka, 1985 Soc., 1930, 52, 1547-1558. [all data], Naziev, Bashirov, et al., 1986 Excess function of VE,(dVE/dp)T, and CpE of isooctane + benzene and + toluene, Univ. VII. The limit of the fusion process is the hydrogen-free allotrope of carbon, graphite. ; Karbalai Ghassemi, M.H., Czarnota, I., Obshchei Khim., 1934, 4, 1027-1033. lifetime movies list 2023; what does a call back interview mean; stashbox vape bmm; mens burberry belt; boa account number and tax id pdf 2022; Am. Please read Google Privacy & Terms for more information about how you can control adserving and the information collected. Important examples include the sandwich and half-sandwich complexes, respectively, Cr(C6H6)2 and [RuCl2(C6H6)]2. 2o -889 .1791 162 basic lead carbonate 3pb 2c 8o 2h 0 163 benzene 6h 6c 143 .0317 164 benzotrifuroxane (btf) 6c 6o 6n 571 .0686 165 beryllium (non-reactive) 1u2 .0668 166 beryllium (pure crystaline) 1be .0668 167 beryllium borohydride 2b 1be 8h -666 .0218 168 beryllium hydride 1be 2h -399 0 169 . Engineering ToolBox - Resources, Tools and Basic Information for Engineering and Design of Technical Applications! Smart Sensor: 10.0 eV Lamp, 100 ppm, Benzene specific 50 ppm (PID003L), with tube holder & box of 10 tubes This powerful hand-held instrument is capable of simultaneously monitoring up to 6 gases. 10, 1967, No.1, 79-82. [49] In 1870, the German chemist Viktor Meyer first applied Grbe's nomenclature to benzene.[50]. The measurement of benzene in humans can be accomplished via urine, blood, and breath tests; however, all of these have their limitations because benzene is rapidly metabolized in the human body.